- Case 1: "Double Vision and Headache" by Larry Frohman
- Case 2: "Vertical Nystagmus" by Sugi Panneerselvam, Subahari Raviskanthan, and Andrew G. Lee
- Case 3: "Double Vision and Headache II" by Larry Frohman and Christopher Seery
- Case 4: "Subacute Bilateral Vision Loss" by Vladislav Bekerman, Roger Turbin, and Larry Frohman
- Case 5: "Papilledema in a Patient Being Treated for Multiple Sclerosis" by Larry Frohman, Roger Turbin, Peter Wawrzusin, Gaurav Srivastava, and Nicole Sakla
- Case 6: "An Older Patient with Difficulty Reading" by Victoria S. Pelak
- Case 7: "Post-Operative Vision Loss" by Amir Ali, Subahari Raviskanthan, Ardalan Sharifi, and Andrew G. Lee
- Case 8: "Acute Onset of Diplopia in an Uncontrolled Diabetic" by Aditya Gill, Roger Turbin, and Larry Frohman
- Case 9: "Intractable Headache and Vomiting in a Pediatric Patient" by Khelly Shah and Larry Frohman
- Case 10: "Bilateral Vision Loss in a Young Patient" by Jorge Cardenas-Belaunzaran, Octavio Turcio Aceves, and Vianney Cortes Gonzalez
- Case 11: "Fuzzy Side" by Mehdi Tavakoli, Danielle R. Isen, Aparna Singhal, and James R. Hackney
- Case 12: "Recurrent Branch Retinal Artery Occlusions" by Francisco Sanchez, Tariq Bhatti, and John J. Chen
- Case 13: "Acute, Bilateral Visual Loss in a Pediatric Patient" by Elizabeth H. Roll, Larry P. Frohman, and Roger E. Turbin
- Case 14: "Ophthalmoplegia in Patient with Papilledema" by Larry Frohman and Eric S. Hwang
- Case 15: "Unexplained Bilateral Optic Atrophy for Decades" by Chaow Charoenkilkajorn, Junsang Cho, and Andrew G. Lee
- Case 16: "Abduction Deficit" by Mehdi Tavakoi, Natalie DeBolske, and Robert C. Foster
- Case 17: "Vision Loss in a Cancer Patient" by Denis Huang, MD, Neesurg S. Mehta, MD, Kit W. Tam, MD, Kareem Moussa, MD, and Yin Allison Liu, MD, PhD
- Case 18: "A Diagnostic Conundrum of Bilateral Optic Disc Edema" by Praveen Jeyaseelan, MD, and Andrew R. Casey, MD
- Case 19: "Headache, Confusion, and Hearing Loss" by Abigail Jebaraj, MD, Sam Wilkinson, MD, Jacob Nydegger, and Meagen Seay, DO
- Case 20: "Movie-Like Palinopsia" by Heather M. McDonald, MD, Lulu L.C.D. Bursztyn, MD, FRCPC, and J. Alexander Fraser, MD, FRCPC
- Case 21: "Eye Swelling and Decreased Vision in a Patient with Autism" by Jia Xu, MD, Yanjia Jason Zhang, MD, Efren Gonzalez, MD, Thomas Hs. Dohlman, MD, and Eric D. Gaier, MD, PhD
- Case 22: "Blurred Disc Margins" by John O.T. Britton, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, and Benson S. Chen
- Case 23: "Nystagmus and Dysphagia" by Christian Leal, MD, and Andrew Melson, MD
- Case 24: "Acute Diplopia After Vitrectomy: A Revealing MRI" by Fracois Kirouac, MD, Fannie Nadeau, MD, Ananda Kalevar, MD, and Fracois Evoy
- Case 25: "Periorbital Pain and Difficulty Reading" by Sojung Kara Park, DO, and Aileen A. Antonio, MD
- Case 26: "Subacute Vision Loss in a Patinet with HIV" by George Park, DO, Yasha Modi, MD, Doria M. Gold, MD, and Janet C. Rucker, MD
- Case 27: "Seeing Past the Disc" by Amalie Chen, MD, Jeffrey Gluckstein, MD, and John Gittinger, MD
- Case 28: "Acute Onset of Diplopia and Nystagmus" by Nikita U. Saladi, MD, Hari R. Anandarajah, BA, and Ryan D. Walsh, MD
- Case 29: "Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Visual Loss" by Marie A. Di Nome, MD
- Case 30: "A Rare Case of Vision Loss" by Shonar Singh, MBBS DNB, and Andrew R. Carey, MD
- Case 31: "A Young Girl with Subacute Vision Loss" by Nhayoung Hwang, MD, Monica Tran, BS, Allan J. Fisher, MD, FACMG, FACOG, and Yin Allison Liu, MD, PhD
- Case 32: "Blurry Vision and Multiple Cranial Neuropathies" by Eliot D. Smolyansky, MD, Subahari Raviskanthan, MBBS FRACP, and Anthony Fok, MBBS FRACP
- Case 33: "Hiding in Plain Sight" by J. Anthony Chacko, MD, and Joseph G. Chacko, MD
- Case 34: "Vision Loss and Difficulty Walking in a Pediatric Sexual Assault Victim" by James M. Harris, MD, PhD, Leyla Yavuz Saricay, MD, FEBO, Austin T. Gregg, BS, Amy Armstrong-Javors, MD, Anne Fulton, MD, and Eric D. Gaier, MD, PhD
- Case 35: "Headaches and Blurry Vision" by Olivia Uddin, MD, PhD, Jacob Light, MD, and Amanda Henderson, MD
- Case 36: "Sequential Optic Neuritis hic...hic...hic" by Daisy Liu, MD, and Imran Jivraj, MD, FRCSC
- Case 37: "Sequential Vision Loss in a 67 year-old Patient" by Mariana Arroyo, MD, Juan Manuel Garcia-Gomez, MD, Claudia Beatriz Hubbe-Tena, MD, and Jorge Cardenas-Belaunzaran, MD, MSc
- Case 38: "Progressive Blurry Vision & Hearing Loss in a Young Male Patient" by Marko Oydanich, MD, MS, and Larry Frohman, MD
- Case 39: "Spin Class Spins Unexpected Diagnosis" by Frances M. de la Camara, MD, Caitlin Tedeschi, BS, and Timothy Martin, MD
- Case 40: "Alternating Bilateral Painful Ophthalmoplegia" by Shonar Singh, MBBS DNB, and Andrew R. Carey, MD
- Case 41: "Bilateral Insidious Visual Loss in an Adult Man" by Juan Manuel García Gómez, MD, and Jorge Cárdenas-Belaunzarán, MD, MSc
- Case 42: "I Am Rare, Deadly, and Can Make You Go Blind. What Am I?" by Michel van Lint, MD
- Case 43: "Anisocoria and Limited Eye Movements" by Prem Subramanian, MD, PhD, and Dhruva (Drew) Gupta, BS
- Case 44: "Headaches in a Patient with Turner Syndrome" by Xavier Mortensen, MD, Duy Huynh, BS, Jennifer Law, MD, MSCR, and Maja Kostic, MD, MPH, PhD
- Case 45: "Progressive Cranial Neuropathies" by Alexander S. Fein, MD, Scott N. Grossman, MD, Cinthi Pillai, MD, and Doria M. Gold, MD
- Case 46: "Unmasking the Diagnosis of an Orbital Mass" by Vasiliki P. Giannakakos, MD, Robert S. Sacchi, MD, Gregory J. Parnes, MD, Yan L. Zhang, MD, PhD, Sofya Gindina, MD, PhD, and Joyce N. Mbekeani, MD, FRCS, FRCOphth
- Case 47: "See-Saw Nystagmus" by Luis Martinez-Velazquez, MD, PhD, Sandy Samuel, BA, and Ryan A. Gise, MD
- Case 48: "More Than Meets the Eye: A Case of Delayed Sequential Bilateral Vision Loss" by Patrick Hughes, MD, and Larry Frohman, MD
- Case 49: "A Challenging Case of Progressive Bilateral Optic Neuropathy" by Marko Oydanich, MD, MS, Roger E. Turbin, MD, and Larry Frohman, MD
- Case 50: "Screening Eye Exam in a 9-Year-Old Female with Congenital Renal Dysplasia" by Mark J. Phillips, MD, and Ryan Gise, MD
- Case 51: "Premature Closure: A Surprising Case of Papilledema" by Mark J. Phillips, MD, and Ryan Gise, MD
- Case 52: "Double Double Trouble" by Aretha Zhu, MD, John Gelles, OD, and Larry Frohman, MD
- Case 53: "A 28-year-old woman with bilateral visual loss and swollen discs" by Kambiz Ameli Zamani, MD, Sanjana Molleti, BA, Collin McClelland, MD, and Michael S. Lee, MD
- Case 54: "Re-evaluation of Patient Diagnosed with Atypical Multiple Sclerosis and Retinovascular Disease" by Matthew S. Wieder MD, Joyce N. Mbekeani MD, FRCS, FRCOphth, Phyllis L. Faust MD, PhD, David J. Monoky MD, Andria L. Ford MD, MSCI, John P. Atkinson MD, Thomas L. Slamovits MD
- Case 55: "Isolated Abducens Palsy in a Patient with Poorly Controlled Diabetes" by Fradah E Gold, MD, Tova R Goldstein, MD, Alexander H Levitt, MD, Hong Li, MD, Scott W Gorthey, MD, Joyce N Mbekeani MD, FRCS, FRCOphth
- Case 56: "Wake Me Up Before You Go" by Nicholas Demas, MD, Gabriela Keeton, MD, Nathan Shelman, MD, Douglas Lukins, Padmaja Sudhakar, MD
Discover Neuro‑Ophthalmology
Neuro‑ophthalmology sits at the intersection of the brain and the visual system — a specialty focused on visual problems that don’t originate in the eyes themselves. Nearly half of the human brain is dedicated to vision, making this field one of the most intellectually rich and diagnostically rewarding areas in medicine.
If you’re a student interested in neurology, ophthalmology, neuroscience, or complex diagnostic work, neuro‑ophthalmology offers a front‑row seat to conditions that reveal how the brain and visual pathways work together.
What Neuro‑Ophthalmologists Do
Neuro‑ophthalmologists evaluate and treat visual symptoms caused by neurological or systemic disease. Common issues include:
- Optic neuritis
- Diplopia (double vision)
- Transient visual loss
- Visual field defects
Because these symptoms often signal underlying systemic or neurological conditions, neuro‑ophthalmologists are frequently the first to diagnose disorders such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, thyroid eye disease, brain tumors, and stroke.
Every day brings something new — even seasoned clinicians encounter first‑time diagnoses throughout their careers.
Training Pathways
Students can enter neuro‑ophthalmology through two routes:
- Ophthalmology residency, followed by a neuro‑ophthalmology fellowship
- Neurology residency, followed by a neuro‑ophthalmology fellowship
NANOS supports certified fellowship programs across North America. Ophthalmology‑trained neuro‑ophthalmologists may also incorporate surgical work (strabismus, orbit, cataract) into their practice.
A Field in Demand
The need for neuro‑ophthalmologists far exceeds the current supply. This means:
- Strong job security
- High demand across academic centers, private practice, and multidisciplinary clinics
- A collaborative, non‑competitive professional community
Students entering the field join a supportive network of clinicians who share knowledge, mentor trainees, and work together to improve patient care.
Membership
NANOS offers student and resident membership for those who want to explore the field more deeply. Members gain access to educational resources, mentorship opportunities, and the broader neuro‑ophthalmology community.
The JNO, in conjunction with NANOS, has a new program of presenting engaging and challenging cases aimed at residents in ophthalmology and neurology (as well as medical students). The project is called Unknown Patients For Residents in Ophthalmology and Neurology Training, which we refer to as UPFRONT Cases.
These cases are free for all to access and are presented as unknowns, with the reader having to work through the differential diagnosis, evaluation, and therapy of these patients. These cases are carefully selected by a committee from cases proposed by the NANOS membership. Our goal is to engage the reader, as they are not everyday cases, and to demonstrate the role of a neuro-ophthalmologist in the evaluation and management of these patients. It is difficult to get a clinical neuro-ophthalmology rotation, so these cases are also intended to help expose neurology and ophthalmology residents to what a neuro-ophthalmologist sees and does.
For optimal performance, please view the cases below in presentation format.
UPFRONT Cases 1-56
Additional Resources
Students can explore more about the field through:
- Introductory videos
- NOVEL (Neuro‑Ophthalmology Virtual Education Library)
- The Journal of Neuro‑Ophthalmology
- Podcasts
- Young Neuro‑Ophthalmologist (YONO) resources
If you’re curious about neuro‑ophthalmology or considering it as part of your future training, NANOS welcomes your interest and encourages you to reach out via email at info@nanosweb.org.
